Where did the DNA information to build a human heart come from?

Question

If we assume that only 8.2 percent of human DNA is functional(1), and given the ratio between the heart-weight and body-weight in humans, there is approximately 1,230,000 nucleotides representing information for the human heart. This nucleotides can be arranged into 10^740,000 possible combinations.

Given the Reidhaar-Olson&Sauer ratio of protein functionality where for a protein 92 AA long, with 10^122 possible AA combinatios, there is only 1 in every 10^63 functional sequence, that means that only 1 in every 10^382,000 combination contains information for functional human heart.

Now, even if there were as many selection steps as there are atoms in the observable universe and even if every selection step were advantageous to an organism, probability to find functional human heart via random variation and natural selection processes is 10^381,920, and this is like winning the lottery jackpot 54,560 times in a row, which means impossible.

So, where did the DNA information to build a human heart come from?

(1)http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/science-only-8-2-human-dna-functional-02083.html

Answer 1

Just so we're clear, the first part of your question is kind of nonsense. There's no reason to suppose that the mass of the heart as a proportion of the body should be the same as the amount of genetic code required to contain the information to design it. It could be that hearts are genetically incredibly complicated, and the rest of the human body is simple, so genes dedicated to the heart represent 95% of the genetic code. Or it could be that the genetics of making a heart are comparatively simple. Or it could be that cells are mostly the same, so the majority of the information in the genome is stuff that's shared between all cells, and only a tiny fraction of it needs to be tweaked to make it a heart or a pancreas. (That latter one is probably closest to the truth - most of the genes that are used to make the heart are also used to make other things as well, there's only a fairly small subset that either do specific things for heart cells, or control growth and differentiation in the heart).



Also, even given that your numbers are completely spurious, your probability calculation is based on the faulty premise that the genetics of the modern human heart appeared one nucleotide at a time, one after another. Look up the "weasel program" for an example of how the evolutionary algorithm finds solutions much faster than the brute force probability that you suggest. Even there, however, you assume that you have to jump straight to a single, highly specific end point, which isn't true. While there may only be one optimal solution, there are often lots (and lots) of suboptimal solutions.



Incidentally, we can test how fast genetic novelty comes about in living organisms, both in the field and in laboratory conditions, and it's consistent with the evolution of features like the human heart over the course of half a billion years or so.

Answer 2

The DNA that builds the heart and the rest of the body come in the form of developmental genes. Some of them are called Hox genes. These genes determine where each other part is located relative to each other. All animals more complicated than sponges and cnidarians (jellyfish, coral, anemones, hydra and relatives) have Hox genes. Hox genes make sure your nose is where it is supposed to be, and also where your arms and legs are supposed to be. Of course they also tells the embryo where the heart should be located. What kind of heart is formed is stored in other developmental genes.



Mutations may be random. However, whether a mutation is accepted by the genome is not random. Mutations that are deleterious are weeded out, and only mutations that are adaptive are retained. That is why there has not been much change in the heart of mammals since we evolved a 4 chambered heart perhaps as early as 225 million years ago. The 4 chambered heart evolved from the 3 chambered heart. The 3 chambred heart evolved when fish (which has a 2 chambered heart) evolved into amphibians about 355 million years ago. As one can see, a time span of about 150 million years (which translates into tens of millions of generations) will allow chance mutations to happen often enough to allow the change from 3 chambered to 4 chambered hearts to materialize.

Answer 3

Why would the number of genes needed to produce an organ have anything to do with the organ's weight? The largest, heaviest organ is the skin, and it's one of the simplest.



In any case, what you have attempted to calculate in the likelihood of dust swirling together, and, in a single step, creating a human being. You are correct: the likelihood of that occurring is so low it's fair to call it impossible. But since no one has ever suggested that's how humans came to exist, who cares? What's your point?

Answer 4

Sigh. Evolution is not random. The current complex heart evolved from a slightly less complex heart, and that one evolved from an even less complex heart, and so on. Naive calculations of the probability of forming a heart from scratch are about as useful as calculating whether you'll find your way to work via a random walk.

Answer 5

Dead Sea scrolls

Answer 6

One small step at a time. It is like a jigsaw puzzle, nature keeps what works (pieces that fit) and when it gains through mutation a new piece that fits, it adds it. Nature has lots of time and individuals in a population to do all that.



Here are the known mechanisms for mutation and a few examples:



MUTATION ADDS INFORMATION TO A GENOME



E. coli long-term evolution experiment



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment



For over 25 years, E coli have been cultured in a broth that is poor in nutrients for E coli, but rich in citrate. Of the 25 cultures, only one is prospering metabolizing citrate. It took 2 independent mutations for that 1 culture to get the genetic information to metabolize citrate.



Every time I post this list CRR, our resident YEC, takes issue with the Linski data. (Would copy/paste his objection, but he deleted it.) Anyhow, the gist is: E coli can metabolize citrate in anaerobic conditions and the genes for citrate metabolism are “switched OFF” for aerobic conditions. In the Linski Experiment, 2 gene mutations switched the genes ON under aerobic conditions. CRR claims that this is a “loss of information.” Let’s look at that claim and you decide. Switch genes carry only ON/OFF information for a gene or set of genes. The genes controlled carry orders of magnitude more information (instructions for the actual function of the gene(s)), so switching a gene or set of genes ON is a net INCREASE in information available to the cell. Looking at it from the perspective of the E coli bacteria, if I have an abundant food source I can use and reproduce at maximum rate while you are starving and having a hard time reproducing, I have a significant selective advantage. EXACTLY what evolution predicts, my type E coli prospers.



There are parallels in human evolution. One is Lactose Tolerance. Most mammals lose the ability to metabolize milk and milk products soon after they are weaned. Humans domesticated cattle and had milk and milk products available at all times. We got lucky and evolved switch genes that do NOT shut-off the enzymes to digest milk. CRR would say that, that was a loss of information in the human genome. Even if true, it would be a “No Harm/No Foul.” Humans have milk in their diet because they can tolerate it Humans that are Lactose Intolerant are only at a slight disadvantage; they must just avoid milk and milk products. Note, though it is the humans that are Lactose Intolerant that are at a disadvantage, because milk and milk products are now a common food for adult humans.



Richard Feynman and safe cracking



Richard Feynman had little time for fools and people less intelligent than he was (most people) that had been placed in positions of authority. During WWII, he was part of the team of physicists that developed the Atomic Bomb. During the day they all interacted and exchanged ideas and hypothesis. NOTHING was secret between the physicists. But, at night, the US Government required that everything be locked up in a standard GSA, 3 drawer, combination lock file cabinet (3 numbers between 0 and 40) and all offices locked. NOTE WHAT IS GOING ON HERE: The most important information of WWII is being protected from the physicists that are developing it by cheap government file cabinets and locks.



Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in Physics, was famous for picking locks while lecturing advanced quantum mechanics. He considered that skill to be a useful piece of knowledge. He developed that skill and the skill to open locked safes (file cabinets), while working on the development of the Atomic Bomb, to get access to information he needed after hours. ALL the physicists had access to the contents of the safes during normal working hours. Only Feynman could open ALL the safes after hours. NOTE: THE MOST IMPORTANT INFORMATION OF WWII IS PROTECTED BY CHEAP LOCKS THAT CAN BE EASILY SOLVED BY LOGIC. By CRR's logic, Feynman had less knowledge, AFTER he picked the lock to an office, cracked the file cabinet lock, and had access to the contents of all the file cabinets. You decide.



All the following examples are taken from:

Miller, Kenneth R.; ONLY A THEORY, Viking, Penguin Group, Inc.; 2008; Pages74 - 84, devotes an entire sub-chapter to this exact subject. I need only copy his references.)

Schneider, Thomas; US National Institute of Health

http://www.ccrnp.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/paper/ev/

Dr. Schneider’s program models genome evolution being driven by mutation, selection, and reproduction.



Irfan D. P rijambada, et al, “Emergence of Nylon Oligomer Degradation Enzymes in Psuedomonas aeruginosa PAO Through Experimental Evolution,” Applied and Experimental Microbiology 61 (1995); 2020-22

Laboratory cultures of P aeruginosa were exposed to a manmade polymer (Nylon) that has never existed in nature. Through evolution (mutation, selection, reproduction) the bacteria developed an enzyme (genetic information) to depolymerize nylon into its’ component organic compounds that the bacteria could metabolize.



Shelley D Copley, “Evolution of a Metabolic Pathway for Degradation of a Toxic Xenobiotic: The Patchwork Approach,” Trends in Biological Sciences 25 (2000):261-65.

Insects, like the bacteria above, develop enzymes to inactavate a manmade compound (pesticide pentachlorophenol) not found in nature.



Glenn R Johnson, et al, “Origins of the 2, 4-dinitrotoluene Pathway.” Journal

of Bacterlogy, 184, (2002)4219-32

Bacteria develop the enzymes to breakdown and metabolize a manmade compound (explosive) not found in nature.



John M Logsdan, Jr. and W Ford Doolittle, “Origin of Antifreeze Protein Genes: A Cool Tale ion Molecular Evolution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (1997): 3485 - 87

How did fish evolve “antifreeze” to prevent their blood from freezing in Antarctic waters? Evolution repurposed existing genes to produce proteins to prevent the fish blood freezing?



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22012/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23640422



http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/7/2/a016592





Mario, you are looking at a Lockheed SR-71 and saying that the Wright Brothers could not build a heavier than air aircraft because they did not have the technology to fabricate titanium skin or access to Pratt-Whitney J58 jet engines.



Consider the airplane: Before 2 bicycle mechanics did it, Professors of Physics produced proofs that heavier than air flight was impossible. Conventional Wisdom was, "Man will NEVER fly." Yet, less than 10 years after the 1st flight, aircraft were effective weapons of war. Less than 55 years after the 1st flight, Lockheed produced the SR-71, Mach 3, 3000 miles range, 85,000+ feet operating altitude. Pretty good for something impossible.

Answer 7

This ******* horseshit again.



One more time: SELECTION, DIPSHIT. YOU'RE IGNORING SELECTION.

Answer 8

Jesus

Answer 9

Where did the DNA information to build a human heart come from? Roman Catholic sign of the cross is upside down, done with five fingers instead of three, is done from left to right instead of right to left, etc. (basically inviting demons). Antichrist's Third Temple will have 8 chambers: a chamber per main religion; antichrist will be crowned in this temple; during crowning, he won't read the "belief prayer" correctly (rejecting Christ and acknowledging himself); when he will take his gloves off to make sign of the cross incorrectly (just for show), many people will see his big nails and will reject him; Patriarch (who will be crowning him) will say that this is the antichrist; antichrist will kill him. Also, antichrist will kill those priests who disagree with him at the 8th "wolf" Council; others will worship him when a bird dies at his feet. Roman Catholics, Satanists, and Buddhists use the same mudras; if you see these mudras on an icon, then it's not Orthodox icon; Orthodox icon has IC XC symbol (Jesus Christ). Roman Catholics pay drunks and prostitutes to pose for icons; passions of drunks and prostitutes transfer to those who pray to these images. Normal Orthodox icons are inspired by the Holy Spirit. Gaad in Ruski = Satan; hence, Americans = blasphemers because they always say: "Oh, my god!". Santa (word for Saint in Satanic languages) = Satan; hence, Spanish + Italian + Portuguese = blasphemers. Anathema to Satanic languages; triple anathema. Learn Church Slavonic; no curses in it; curses = prayer to Satan. All religions except Orthodoxy worship Satan. On bread for communion: IC XC NIKA (Jesus Christ Conquers) plus cross = Orthodox; hexagram plus Dusha Maya = antichrist. Jews and Muslims pray head down (either standing, bowing, or kneeling); this is Satanic prayer. Orthodox look into the eyes of icon; energy goes their way; they get healed; head and shoulders come together to reject Satan slowly and then fast to normal showing allegiance to Christ and not the devil. Hands cannot be on groin or behind back; either put them crossing each other on chest (right over left) or just by your sides. Legs together so that a demon doesn't run underneath your legs. Clergy who will not "put Buddhist icons and serve antichrist's blood" will be killed; only 7 churches will be left as Pelageya of Ryazan predicted. In 2006 and at other meetings, fake patriarchs and bishops signed a bunch of documents betraying Orthodoxy by saying that all religions worship the same Supreme Being; triple anathema; don't let heretics tell you what to do. America will be last country to switch to Euro. Three big earthquakes will shake the three superpowers; 1st big earthquake in Russia; 2nd (bigger one) in China; 3rd (biggest of the three) will be in America. NATO will nuke Ukraine to blame Russia for it; then NATO will nuke Russia from Scandinavia. China will attack Russia; but will not get past Ural Mountains; bio-genetic weapon will be used against Chinese soldiers (they will run back to China and hide in closets in fear) and weather weapon will freeze Siberia to - 200 Celcius; stadium-size chunks of unmeltable ice will fall from the lower sky (because when rockets go into higher sky they bring this ice down to lower sky). Russia will destroy Turkey and America. China will have a hole across the whole country to the abyss (because of another super weapon used to stop Chinese aggression); radiation from this hole will be massive; Chinese will try to keep quiet about it; a lot of people will fall into this hole.

Scientists don't see dinosaurs because of radiation. Only Eurasia and Alaska (both without coasts) will remain after demons blow up Antarctica (which surrounds the flat earth) and Greenland melts. Move to Ural Mountains or inland Alaska. Sionists wanted war between Russia and Germany from June 11th to October 11th on their holidays because (666 times 3)+(6 times 3) = 2016 (in their twisted logic).

Tube people = demons. Clones = demons. Human costumes that demons wear = demons. Dinosaurs and 666ed people have triple stranded DNA; normal person can't swallow 666ed food (designed for 666ed people). Demons live inside clones. Bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin (who discovered Bubonic plague) is depicted on the Shroud of Turin. There is another shroud (Shroud of Milan) on which blasphemer Yosef (who was crucified on a pole in 1066 AD) is depicted. Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Lenin (el=deity in Hebrew, nine = no in German; so, when chanted repeatedly is blasphemy against the Creator), and Yosef were possessed by Azazel; now, Rico Cortes is possessed by Azazel.

WW3 happens; 7% of people will be left; after people are tired of war, they will elect the antichrist as one world leader; don't vote. ISIS stands for Israeli Secret Intelligence Service. Next false flag: Statue of Liberty in order to attack Iran; one big shake, one giant step forward, one giant collapse. Move away from coasts as nukes will go off in the ocean (at where tectonic plates meet; result: megatsunamis 1km high).

Wear natural clothing so that if a bomb goes off it won't stick to the body as fast as synthetic clothes. All metal will be burned for fuel; so, save knives, crowbars, shovels, wood-burning stoves, etc. Also, save cloth/fabric/textile to cover the wounds and diseases.

Eat natural food because nanochips, cells of aborted fetuses, bug DNA, and other poisons are in food that is commonly sold; reject vaccines, medical care, medicine, etc. because nanochips are administered thru IVs, implants, fillings, etc. If 1000-1500 nanochips are in your right hand, then you can't make proper Orthodox sign of the cross with the right hand; last mercy for you then will be to cut the hand off.

Seraphim of Sarov and Sergiy of Radonezh will be resurrected after WW3 for a short time; Seraphim of Sarov will show the new Ruski Tsar who will fight the antichrist for about 2 years and 8 months. Those who go see Seraphim of Sarov will be healed of their infirmities/illnesses/sicknesses/ diseases; if you want to see him then, hurry because he won't stay longer than a few weeks.

Earth is flat; stands on 3 pillars (the Most Holy Trinity); pillars stand on water at zero Kelvin. Zodiac is planetary prison of demons; don't believe in horoscopes or you'll exhibit the traits of the trapped demons. Most thoughts and dreams are from demons; demons never do good. Sleep fully clothed; pray the Jesus prayer. Pray to your guardian angel to have normal sleep.

Humans were created about 7525 years ago. Ruski Orthodox Christian Vyacheslav Krasheninnikov was the last prophet before Enoch and Elijah return to preach against the antichrist.

Birds participate in time creation. It's a sin to kill birds. Dinosaurs live under our level. They will get out through sinkholes and lakes. To kill them, go for their nerves. Save the birds; but kill the dinosaurs. First dinosaur will come out of Volga River in Russia.

Demons grow human skin (from a sample taken during abduction) and put it on so as to look like us. Demons will invite people to be healed inside their UFOs; those who go will be like zombies after. Gov't provides demons with diamonds and allows demons to abduct people. If you're being abducted, slowly pray the Jesus prayer.



Don't panic. Demons use diamonds and souls to power their UFO craft. The bigger the diamond, the more it lasts. Demons have 4 UFO bases: 1)Moon 2)Inside fake mountain Kailash in Tibet 3)In lake Baikal in Russia 4)In Atlantis which is underneath the Mariana Trench in Pacific Ocean. There are no aliens. Nobody lives on other planets.

Airplanes that go down are hit by demons because they need the airspace to fight Jesus. Antichrist is pale with red eyes. He's possessed by Satan since he's 12 years old. He flies very fast; deceived people will say that "Christ is here; Christ is there". Sometimes, he wears blue robe over left shoulder while red robe is underneath. He wears gloves to hide long nails. He's surrounded by demons who appear as angels of light. Antichrist will trick people to believe that he can do mountain moving and resurrection (using holograms); fire from the sky is easy (considering the gases from pollution in the atmosphere).

Don't go into a UFO to be healed by demons. Green 666 is given by isotope rays on wrist or forehead when people stretch hands to receive small plastic grey card with no name on it (World Passport). Police will microchip and isotope ray people on the highways. Microchipped people will be influenced by computers to take grey plastic card; but when they do, 666 is given. Food stores will isotope ray people too. Antichrist will also release prisoners to mark people. Reject 666 at all cost because it leads to permanent hell.

If you're about to be marked, pray the Jesus prayer. Hide with Orthodox Christians to escape 666; leave all electronics behind so that antichrist's minions can't track you. Give to charity in the name of Archangel Michael; he rescues people from temporary hell twice a year (or brings them up a level, that is, to a level with less punishment; eventually, people are freed). Feed the pigeons; when pigeons bow down, people are saved from temporary hell. Forgive me.



https://youtube.com/watch?v=8dub8PF2d8E

http://fatheralexander.org/graphics/sects_e.pdf

http://cs629216.vk.me/v629216013/6f4c/Qji_GVZorQY.jpg

http://vvedenskiy.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/clip_image003.gif

https://vk.com/wall-25720730?q=рязанская&w=wall-25720730_57029%2Fall



https://youtube.com/watch?v=0LUKFmZfOrs

http://vk.com/otrok_slava?w=wall-31832035_103469%2Fall

http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/guidech3.pdf

http://fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/life_after_death.htm

http://pravoslavie.ru/english/55141.htm